Development process of lithium-ion batteries

In 1970, Exxon's M.S. Whittingham made the first lithium battery using titanium sulfide as the positive electrode material and lithium metal as the negative electrode material. The positive electrode material of a lithium battery is manganese dioxide or sulfoxide chloride, and the negative electrode is lithium. After the battery assembly is completed, the battery has voltage and does not need to be charged. Lithium ion batteries are the development of lithium batteries. For example, the button type batteries used in cameras in the past were lithium batteries. This type of battery can also be charged, but its cycling performance is poor. During the charging and discharging cycle, lithium crystals are easily formed, causing internal short circuits in the battery. Therefore, charging is generally prohibited for this type of battery.
In 1982, R.R. Agarwal and J.R. Selman from the Illinois Institute of Technology discovered that lithium ions have the characteristic of embedding into graphite, a process that is fast and reversible. At the same time, the safety hazards of lithium batteries made of metallic lithium have attracted much attention, so people have attempted to use the characteristics of lithium ions embedded in graphite to make rechargeable batteries. The first available lithium-ion graphite electrode was successfully developed by Bell Laboratories.
In 1983, M. Thackeray, J. Goodenough, and others discovered that manganese spinel is an excellent cathode material with low price, stability, and excellent conductivity and lithium conductivity. Its decomposition temperature is high and its oxidation resistance is much lower than that of lithium cobalt oxide. Even in the event of short circuits or overcharging, it can avoid the danger of combustion and explosion.
In 1989, A. Manthiram and J. Goodenough discovered that using a positive electrode with polymeric anions would generate higher voltages.
In 1992, Sony Corporation of Japan invented a lithium ion battery with carbon material as the negative electrode and lithium containing compounds as the positive electrode. During the charging and discharging process, there is no metallic lithium present, only lithium ions, which is the lithium-ion battery. Subsequently, lithium-ion batteries revolutionized consumer electronics. This type of battery, using lithium cobalt oxide as the positive electrode material, is the main power source for portable electronic devices.
In 1996, Padhi and Goodenough discovered that phosphates with olivine structures, such as lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), were safer than traditional cathode materials, particularly in terms of high temperature resistance and overcharging resistance, far surpassing traditional lithium-ion battery materials.
Looking at the history of battery development, it can be seen that there are three characteristics of the current world battery industry development. Firstly, the rapid development of green and environmentally friendly batteries, including lithium-ion batteries, hydrogen nickel batteries, etc; The second is the conversion of primary batteries to batteries, which is in line with sustainable development strategies; Thirdly, batteries are further developing towards small, light, and thin dimensions. Among commercialized rechargeable batteries, lithium-ion batteries have the highest specific energy, especially polymer lithium-ion batteries, which can achieve thinness in rechargeable batteries. Because lithium-ion batteries have high volumetric and mass specific energy, are rechargeable and pollution-free, and possess the three major characteristics of current battery industry development, they have seen rapid growth in developed countries. The development of telecommunications and information markets, especially mobile phones and laptops